273 resultaten

University of GroningenAccountancy full-time Groningen
Choose the accountancy profile in Groningen to learn how auditors verify the accuracy of a firm's reporting. Stakeholders such as shareholders, investors, clients and employees rely on relevant and ac
University of GroningenAccountancy and Controlling full-time Groningen
Study accountancy and controlling in Groningen to learn about how technological innovations and sustainable practices are shaping the information provision to internal and external stakeholders of any
University of GroningenAmerican Studies full-time Groningen
Interdisciplinary in Approach. Dynamic in Teaching. Relevant in Practice. American Studies at The University of Groningen.
University of GroningenAmerican Studies full-time Groningen
How did Donald Trump become president of the United States? How did Nike sneakers become associated with "Black Lives Matter"? How did gun ownership become a central question of American politics? Wha
University of GroningenAncient History full-time Groningen
How did colonisation shape ancient states? What was the role of gods and their temples in identity formation? How unequal were ancient societies? What was the social significance of sport in the ancie
University of GroningenApplied Cognitive Neuroscience full-time Groningen
How can we increase the effectiveness and memorability of an advertisement? Can we tell from someone's pupil size if they are getting tired, for instance while driving or operating a machine? How did
University of GroningenApplied Linguistics - TEFL full-time Groningen
Can you learn a new language the same way you learned your mother tongue? How does our brain cope with multiple languages? Is there a teaching pedagogy that is the most effective?
University of GroningenApplied Mathematics full-time Groningen
Why do some cars or aeroplanes experience more drag than others? How do we calculate the orbit of a satellite? How are partially autonomous vehicles controlled? How fast does blood flow through our ve
University of GroningenApplied Mathematics full-time Groningen
Why does one car have more air resistance than another? How can the frequency of the electric power smart grid be kept constant under external disturbances?
University of GroningenApplied Physics full-time Groningen
Do you want to contribute to the development of computer devices that operate like a human brain? Design semi-conductor materials for the high-efficiency solar cells of the future? Or create an anti-i
University of GroningenApplied Physics full-time Groningen
Physics is concerned with describing and predicting natural phenomena. Applied physics is concerned with applying physics in technical solutions. Design and construction are important aspects of this.
University of GroningenApplied Social Psychology full-time Groningen
How can psychology contribute to solving conflicts between groups, understanding the role of diversity , culture and communication in social relations, analyzing political processes, or influencing so
University of GroningenArchaeology full-time Groningen
Welcome to our versatile Archaeology programme, judged best in the Netherlands for the last 10 years, which will help you become a top-level archaeologist. All pre-university profiles are accepted!
University of GroningenArchaeology full-time Groningen
Are you interested in archaeology and want to increase your chances in the competitive job market? Do you want a graduate programme which combines intensive training and a flexible structure?
University of GroningenArt History full-time Groningen
Are you fascinated by art, architecture and landscapes? Are you curious about the meaning, history, and impact of art, architecture, and landscapes? Then Art History is your program.
University of GroningenArt History full-time Groningen
Do you want to be well prepared for a career in the world of the Visual Arts? The Master Program in Art History and Curatorial Studies offers all the knowledge and expertise that you need.
University of GroningenArtificial Intelligence full-time Groningen
How can you develop an autonomous car? How can you teach a computer to recognize speech or even emotions? How can software and devices be aligned to the way humans think?
University of GroningenArtificial Intelligence full-time Groningen
What is intelligent behaviour? How do computers recognize faces and objects? In this programme, you will learn how to design and implement intelligent systems.
University of GroningenArts & Culture full-time Groningen
Are you interested in Art and Culture? Is a career in research something you aspire to? Then this is the Master's degree you are looking for.
University of GroningenArts and Culture full-time Groningen
What do art forms like painting, film, music or theatre contribute to societies? Why have humans in every culture and throughout history engaged in activities we categorize as art?
University of GroningenArts, Cognition and Criticism full-time Groningen
This track studies the role of the arts in culture from a multi-disciplinary perspective, drawing on cognitive sciences, hermeneutics, narrative & critical theory, discourse analysis & arts sociology.
University of GroningenArts, Culture and Media full-time Groningen
Are you fascinated by films, music or theater? Do you love to discuss what art is, or how to interpret a particular movie, popular song or performance? Are you interested in studying the effects of ar
University of GroningenArts, Media and Literary Studies full-time Groningen
Are you curious, eager to learn and ready to shape the role of the arts and the media in society and culture? Then you are the right person for this Research Master!
University of GroningenArts, Policy and Cultural Entrepreneurship full-time Groningen
Art is inherently public. In this programme, you will study and reflect upon how public arts policy, arts management, arts marketing and education affect the realisation of artistic values in society.
University of GroningenAstronomy full-time Groningen
How old is the Universe? How do galaxies develop? What is found between the stars? How are planetary systems formed? Are you fascinated by questions like these? Then Astronomy is right for you!
University of GroningenAstronomy full-time Groningen
Would you like to explore the most fundamental questions in the universe? Or learn about the formation of stars and planets, or the evolution of our Milky Way? Do you want to learn all there is to kno
University of GroningenBehavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences full-time Groningen
Are you interested in the basis of consciousness, the mechanisms of learning, or the genetics of behaviour? In this programme you study the brain, cognition, and behaviour from different perspectives.
University of GroningenBehavioural and Social Sciences full-time Groningen
Are you considering a research career in an academic or an applied setting? Do you want to specialize within the field of behavioural and social sciences and receive a multidisciplinary training?
University of GroningenBeyond Horizons: Migrant and Minority Literature Transmitting and Writing New Identities full-time Groningen
This school will examine the function and meaning of cultural transfer of new narratives written by minorities and migrants. We will study their works as tools in building sustainable societies.
University of GroningenBiobanking full-time Groningen
Please join us for the sixth UMCG summer school exploring the fundamentals of biobanking and cohort research.
University of GroningenBiology full-time Groningen
Do you want to become an all-round biologist, or explore connections between different domains in biology to develop an interdisciplinary profile? If so, Biology in Groningen is the master's degree pr
University of GroningenBiology full-time Groningen
What are the effects of climate change on marine life? What causes a disease like cancer and how can you prevent or cure it? What happens in the brain while you are asleep?
University of GroningenBiomedical Engineering full-time Groningen
The Master's programme in Biomedical Engineering offers you the opportunity to gain in-depth knowledge of a broad range of topics within the field of medical devices (design) and state-of-the-art heal
University of GroningenBiomedical Engineering full-time Groningen
Would you like to improve healthcare by developing and applying new technologies? To decrease the number of patients through preventive technology? Or to find safer solutions to treat patients?
University of GroningenBiomedical Sciences full-time Groningen
What causes disease? What is the genetic or epigenetic background of disorders? How do microorganisms in the intestine contribute to health and disease? What are the underlying mechanisms of diseases
University of GroningenBiomolecular Sciences full-time Groningen
Are you interested in unravelling essential processes in living cells in order to understand 'life' at a molecular level? Would you like to excel in biomolecular sciences and use frontier know-how to
University of GroningenBone, Joint & Tendon Care full-time Groningen
The goal of this summer school in Bone, Joint & Tendon Care is to teach an, English-taught, 7 day program using a multidisciplinary approach to the subject of healthy ageing and movement disorders.
University of GroningenBusiness Administration full-time Groningen
Study business administration in Groningen and choose from one of the five profiles in change management, strategic innovation, management accounting, health and entrepreneurship.
University of GroningenBusiness Administration full-time Groningen
How can you produce efficiently while keeping your organisation financially healthy and your staff motivated? Business Administration focuses on all aspects of entrepreneurship.
University of GroningenBusiness Administration: Health full-time Groningen
Study health care management and health economics in Groningen and make a meaningful impact in the healthcare sector.
University of GroningenChange Management full-time Groningen
Study change management in Groningen and learn how to best manage organizational change in the era of transformations.
University of GroningenChemical Engineering full-time Groningen
How can you make sustainable products from biomass? How can you design a catalyst to convert CO₂ into a useful polymer? How can you design an efficient electrolyzer for producing green hydrogen? How c
University of GroningenChemical Engineering full-time Groningen
Can biobased plastics be produced on a large scale? Can we convert CO2 into useful chemical products? How can you ensure that factories operate in a clean, safe and efficient way?
University of GroningenChemistry full-time Groningen
How can I make a novel antibiotics from functional organic compounds? Can I build an motor at the molecular level? Can I synthesize life-like artificial molecular systems? How can we make energy stora
University of GroningenChemistry full-time Groningen
How can you make a flexible solar cell that can be fixed to anything? How can you build a molecular-scale motor? These are some of the fascinating questions that you will try to answer as a chemist.
University of GroningenClassical Studies full-time Groningen
Do you have an interest in the classical languages? Do you want to know how people lived in Antiquity and how their lives have influenced our own culture? Groningen offers Antiquity a voice!
University of GroningenClassical, Medieval and Early Modern Studies full-time Groningen
Are you interested in the history, literature or culture of classical, medieval or early modern civilizations? Do you aspire to a career in research? This Research Master's track is just what you are
University of GroningenClassics full-time Groningen
The Classics track of the MA in Classics & Ancient Civilizations offers education in a wide range of skills to the aspiring classicist: from in-depth analysis of all aspects of a Greek or Latin text t
University of GroningenClassics & Ancient Civilizations full-time Groningen
What kinds of social media did the ancient Greeks and Romans use? What kinds of ideas circulated and how can we trace these through ancient literature?
University of GroningenClimate Adaptation Governance full-time Leeuwarden
Identify how societies are impacted by climate change. Understand how transformative change and governance can address these impacts. Learn directly from the stakeholders playing a key role in advanci
University of GroningenClinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology full-time Groningen
Would you like to improve the physical and mental health of individuals and communities? Become an independent researcher? Help advancing health research and improve healthcare for all?
University of GroningenClinical Forensic Psychology and Victimology full-time Groningen
Past victimization, previous offending, psychopathology, aggression, being male: which of these variables might be the best predictor of future violent (re)offending?
University of GroningenClinical Linguistics / EMCL full-time Groningen
How is language stored in the brain? What effects can brain damage have on our ability to use language? And why do some children have difficulty learning language? Find it out in this track.
University of GroningenClinical Neuropsychology full-time Groningen
Neuropsychology: cognition, emotion and behaviour as functions of the brain.
University of GroningenCognitive Modelling full-time Groningen
We are happy to announce the fifth Groningen Spring School on Cognitive Modeling (March 30 to April 3, 2020).
University of GroningenCommunication and Education full-time Groningen
Are you interested in the way in which people acquire and develop verbal communication skills? Then this is just the programme for you.
University of GroningenCommunication and Information Studies full-time Groningen
Communication is at the centre of human social action. From everyday family life to communication in organizations, our lives are shaped and organized through communication.
University of GroningenCommunication and Information Studies full-time Groningen
Are you interested in information and communication processes? Then you should choose one of the tracks of this Master's degree programme.
University of GroningenCommunication Studies full-time Groningen
Communication is everywhere. Think of commercials, Facebook and TV. Professionals carefully plan what type of information people come across. Like to learn more? Then this programme is for you.
University of GroningenComputational Cognitive Science full-time Groningen
How can we model human task performance? How do our brains combine visual and auditory information? What is the ideal patient monitor for tired emergency doctors?
University of GroningenComputer-mediated Communication full-time Groningen
Are you interested in the technology behind smartphones, computers and the internet? Would you also like to know more about the communication elements of those media? Then this programme is for you.
University of GroningenComputing Science full-time Groningen
How can we develop secure and robust software? How can we teach computers to see? How can we make our software easily adaptable to new tasks? How do we improve learning by computers? If these question
University of GroningenComputing Science full-time Groningen
How do you develop safe apps for mobile phones? How do you produce 3D images of an MRI scan? How do you program a computer system to find the quickest travel route?
University of GroningenControlling full-time Groningen
Choose the controlling profile in Groningen to learn how to analyze financial data, provide insights to support strategic decision-making, and ensure the organization's financial health.
University of GroningenCorporate Governance and the Effectiviness of Boards full-time Groningen
Understanding how corporate boards are formed and how they act has become an important topic.
University of GroningenCPE Track Health Systems and Prevention full-time Groningen
Do you want to learn how health systems influence prevention and health outcomes at the population level? Then the Health Systems and Prevention (HSP) track is the right choice for you!
University of GroningenCPE Track Lifecourse Health Development full-time Groningen
Are you interested in understanding the intricacies of health throughout a person's life? Do you want to be part of a community of motivated and socially conscious students, all working towards a heal
University of GroningenCreating a climate for change full-time Groningen
This course is designed for lecturers, policymakers and others who are interested in education for sustainability in higher education.
University of GroningenCritical Theory in Philosophy full-time Groningen
This summer school will cover central philosophical themes addressed by the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory.
University of GroningenCultural Leadership full-time Groningen
Culture and heritage are the sinews of a society. In an era marked by rapid change, ambitious and critical cultural leaders are required to foster the cultural core of a sustainable society.
University of GroningenCuratorial Studies full-time Groningen
Do you want to be well prepared for a career in the world of the Visual Arts? The Master Program in Art History and Curatorial Studies offers all the knowledge and expertise that you need.
University of GroningenData Science and AI in Health  
Rapid advancements in data science, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) call for a new generation of clinicians and (clinical) scientists, who are able to develop and introduce new predi
University of GroningenData Science and Society full-time Leeuwarden
Is data the new oil? Can facial recognition systems perpetuate bias? Do fitness-tracking apps impact infrastructure planning?Join our programme as we explore these questions! Master the art of underst
University of GroningenDatafication and Digital Literacy full-time Groningen
How do algorithms make sense of our digital activities to determine what we see and do online? How is big data is affecting our daily lives? How does digital literacy empower people to navigate digita
University of GroningenDDM Central-East European Economies full-time Groningen
Study Central East-European economies in Groningen and Budapest and learn about the links between economic transformation, integration, and international economics.
University of GroningenDDM Demography and Social Inequality full-time Groningen
What impact did the recent economic crisis have on individuals' living and working conditions, on individuals' study and career choices, on social inequalities and social cohesion?
University of GroningenDDM Development Planning and Infrastructure Management full-time Groningen
Would you like to study topics in Development Planning and Infrastructure Management in two different countries? Then this double degree is the right choice for you.
University of GroningenDDM Economic Development and Growth (MEDEG) full-time Groningen
Study economic development and growth in Groningen and Lund to learn about the complexity of development concerns in developing economies.
University of GroningenDDM Economics and Economic Analysis full-time Groningen
Study economics and economic analysis in Groningen and Santiago and learn to use groundbreaking theoretical knowledge and apply it to help solve the challenges of emerging economies.
University of GroningenDDM Finance full-time Groningen
Study finance in Groningen and Lund and learn about corporate and sustainable finance, and what factors drive the investment decisions of companies.
University of GroningenDDM International Business and Finance full-time Groningen
Are you interested in an international career in or involving China? Study in Groningen and Shanghai and gain first-hand knowledge and experience of China and its economy, language, and culture.
University of GroningenDDM International Development Economics full-time Groningen
Study international development economics in Groningen and Gottingen and learn how technological developments have made it possible for businesses to restructure production processes globally.
University of GroningenDDM International Financial Management full-time Groningen
Study international financial management in Groningen and Milan and get uniquely equipped for a career in financial markets, international finance and risk management.
University of GroningenDDM International Programme in Economic Geography full-time Groningen
This Double Degree International Programme combines the masters in Economic Geography of the Leibniz University in Hannover (Germany) and the University of Groningen (the Netherlands).
University of GroningenDDM Marketing & Finance full-time Groningen
Would you like to expand and deepen your knowledge in the field of Marketing Analytics and Data Science and Management, combined with a minor in Finance? Then this double degree programme is for you!
University of GroningenDDM Marketing & Information Systems full-time Groningen
Does transforming large datasets into valuable marketing programs sound interesting to you? Then this double degree programme is for you!
University of GroningenDDM Political Philosophy and PPE full-time Groningen
Do you wish to gain an interdisciplinary perspective to better understand how to address major societal changes? Then combine this PPE perspective with research in political philosophy.
University of GroningenDDM Religion and Pluralism full-time Groningen
Double MA Degree on the Religious Origins of Modern Society at University of Groningen (UG) and Córdoba University (UCO): Identity, Exclusion, Integration, and Coexistence from Antiquity to Modernity.
University of GroningenDDM Social Demography full-time Groningen
What impact did the recent economic crisis have on individuals' living and working conditions, on individuals' study and career choices, on social inequalities and social cohesion?
University of GroningenDDM Strategic Marketing Intelligence full-time Groningen
Would you like to learn how to deliver value to customers and build sustainable relationships? Then this double degree programme is for you!
University of GroningenDDM Sustainability and Environmental Psychology full-time Groningen
This double degree master's integrative approach towards two expert fields equips you to better address today's grand, sustainability challenges from a psychologist perspective.
University of GroningenDDM Sustainable Urban and Regional Development full-time Groningen
Do you want to study topics sustainable urban and regional development in the context of Europe and Southeast Asia? Join our Double Degree Master in Sustainable Urban and Regional Development!
University of GroningenDDM Sustainable Water Management full-time Groningen
Do you want to study topics sustainable water management in the context of Europe and Southeast Asia? Join our Double Degree Master Sustainable Water Management!
University of GroningenDDM Urban Governance within a Global Environment full-time Groningen
Studying Planning in Beijing enables you to view your own surroundings through new eyes, which gives you a new perspective on how multi faceted urban planning can be in small cities and metropoles.
University of GroningenDDM Urban Planning, Environment and Infrastucture full-time Groningen
Do you want to study topics in urban planning, environment and infrastructure in the context of Europe and Southeast Asia? Join our Double Degree Master in Urban Planning, Environment and Infrastructu
University of GroningenDDM Urban Planning, Society and Sustainability full-time Groningen
Do you want to study topics in urban planning, society and sustainability in the context of two different countries in different parts of our world? Join our Double Degree Master!
University of GroningenDDM Water and Coastal Management full-time Groningen
Managing water resources, river catchments, and coastal zones are outstanding challenges of today and tomorrow!
University of GroningenDeafblindness full-time Groningen
Would you like to analyse and improve the possibilities of deafblind people? Then this is the programme for you.
University of GroningenDIAbetic MIcrovascular COMplications (DIAMICOM) full-time Groningen
This summer school picks DIAbetic MIcrovascular COMplications (DIAMICOM) as a central theme.
University of GroningenDigital Humanities full-time Groningen
Do you want to be at the forefront of the digital turn in the humanities? The current information revolution opens up exciting perspectives for research and its applications in society.
University of GroningenDiversity Management for Social Justice full-time 
University of GroningenDutch Language and Culture full-time Groningen
Hoe herken je fake news op het internet? Wat zijn de gevolgen van autisme voor taalgebruik? Wat vertelt Max Havelaar ons over Nederland nu? Met welke spreektechnieken vergroot Obama de impact op zijn
University of GroningenEast Asian Studies full-time Groningen
East Asia is booming. How have some East Asian countries achieved such economic growth and global prominence in so little time? What are the global implications of the rise of East Asia?
University of GroningenEcology and Evolution full-time Groningen
Which organisms are able to adapt to global change? How do birds decide when and where to migrate? When and why do individual differences in physiology or behaviour evolve?
University of GroningenEconometrics and Operations Research full-time Groningen
Study econometrics and operations research in Groningen to learn how to use mathematical modelling to find solutions to real-life problems in our society.
University of GroningenEconometrics, Operations Research and Actuarial Studies full-time Groningen
Study in Groningen actuarial science, data science, econometrics and operations research. Use real-life data and advanced data science models to make sound decisions in business and society.
University of GroningenEconomic Development and Globalization full-time Groningen
Study economic development and globalization in Groningen and learn about the societal and economic implications of international trade, finance, and sustainable development.
University of GroningenEconomic Geography full-time Groningen
Global Transformations, Local Impacts
University of GroningenEconomic Geography: Regional Competitiveness and Trade full-time Groningen
Do you want to become a specialist in regional economic development in an international context with a keen eye for the role of policy?
University of GroningenEconomic Geography: Sustainable Rural Futures full-time Groningen
Do you want to know how agricultural transitions, socio-cultural discontent, and climate change impact European rural areas? Come satisfy your curiosity in the master Sustainable Rural Futures!
University of GroningenEconomics full-time Groningen
Study economics in Groningen and learn to use groundbreaking theoretical knowledge and evidence-based policy to help solve tomorrow's national and international economic problems.
University of GroningenEconomics and Business Economics full-time Groningen
Study economics and business economics in Groningen to get a solid understanding of the economic tools and knowledge to tackle the important societal challenges of today.
University of GroningenEconomics and Business Economics - Economic Development and Globalization full-time Groningen
Study economic development and globalization in Groningen and understand the role of governments, firms, and individuals in reshaping the global economy to deal with the important societal challenges
University of GroningenEconomics and Business Economics - Business Economics full-time Groningen
Study business economics in Groningen and discover how firms create financial value while balancing societal and sustainability concerns.
University of GroningenEconomics and Business Economics - Economics full-time Groningen
Study economics in Groningen and explore how inequality, the role of the state, and other big societal issues can be affected by economics – and how you can impact them for the better.
University of GroningenEducational Sciences full-time Groningen
Do you plan to continue in education and educational research? Would you like to deepen and broaden your knowledge and skills? Contributing to educational science and improving educational practice?
University of GroningenEnergy and Climate Law full-time 
What are the consequences of liberalization for the energy sector? Which legal dilemmas result from new energy and climate technologies? How should energy producers and consumers become climate-neutra
University of GroningenEnergy and Environmental Sciences full-time Groningen
What are the causes of various large-scale global environmental issues such as climate change? Can we identify options to solve these problems? Are options different for different countries?
University of GroningenEnglish Individual Writing Course  
The Language Centre can help you to write structured, clear, comprehensive, error-free texts. The supervision can be done in various ways, from a one-off appointment to a number of half-days.
University of GroningenEnglish Language and Culture full-time Groningen
Is English your favourite subject at school? How does the Netflix series Bridgerton combine the novels of Jane Austen with modern thoughts on women, race and equality? In an ever-growing diverse soc
University of GroningenEnglish Literature and Culture full-time Groningen
Literary study is socially relevant: from the medieval to the modern, it maps the forces which divide and unite people. English is the global language of cultural exchange and experiment.
University of GroningenEnvironmental and Infrastructure Planning full-time Groningen
Do you wonder how cities and urban regions can become more sustainable, resilient or carbon neutral? How to design innovative policy solutions for environmental, water, and climate related problems?
University of GroningenEnvironmental Psychology full-time Groningen
How can psychology help us understand and adress environmental and energy-related challenges? How can we motivate and empower people to act pro-environmentally and adapt to a changing environment?
University of GroningenEthics of Education: philosophy, history and law full-time Groningen
Many of the issues involved in social and professional discussions on youth and education require an interdisciplinary approach. But why and how does this approach work?
University of GroningenEuroculture (EM) full-time Groningen
Understand Europe. Study Euroculture.
University of GroningenEuropean Languages and Cultures full-time Groningen
Would you like to become an expert on the cultures, languages and politics of Europe?
University of GroningenEuropean Law in a Global Context full-time Groningen
This LLM programme covers all the central aspects of European Union Law, but also has special attention for the global context in which the EU operates.
University of GroningenEuropean Literatures and Interculturality full-time Groningen
How do literature and culture interact with and reflect on socio-political challenges such as the EU (dis)integration, rise of populism or migration crises?
University of GroningenEuropean Politics in a Global Perspective full-time Groningen
What does the future hold for the European Union? Are its founding ideals of peace and prosperity strong enough to overcome public distrust about further integration? Find out in this track.
University of GroningenEuropean Studies full-time Groningen
Understand Europe. Study Euroculture.
University of GroningenExecutive Master of M&A and Valuation part-time Amsterdam
M&A from strategy to integration. The University of Groningen Business School offers the leading and renewed master programme for M&A and valuation professionals, in cooperation with VU Amsterdam.
University of GroningenExecutive MBA Energy Transition part-time Groningen
Climate change and a resulting pressure to reduce carbon emissions challenge the energy sector to change existing energy systems. This calls for leaders
University of GroningenExploring Entrepreneurship full-time Groningen
Entrepreneurship can contribute to solving the big challenges of our time, therefore more and more universities include entrepreneurship education to equip future graduates with entrepreneurship skill
University of GroningenFilm and Contemporary Audiovisual Media full-time Groningen
From the canonical to the cutting-edge, the profound to the playful: the current film world is as diverse and critically engaging as ever. So is our Film and Contemporary Audiovisual Media MA track.
University of GroningenFinance full-time Groningen
Study finance in Groningen and learn about corporate and sustainable finance, asset management, and what drives the investment decisions of companies.
University of GroningenFinancial Inclusion and Sustainable Growth full-time Groningen
This summer school will discuss the major developments regarding research on financial inclusion, including microfinance.
University of GroningenFood from Field to Fork full-time Groningen
Recent discussions about health, food safety and an awareness of vanishing traditions have resulted in an increasing interest in traditional foods and food heritage.
University of GroningenGeopolitics & Connectivity full-time Groningen
What can we learn about how attempts to create order in the world have to do with how things are connected and disconnected?
University of GroningenGlobal Criminal Law full-time Groningen
How are international and transnational crimes prevented, investigated and prosecuted? Is criminal law an effective tool in the present context of globalized criminality?
University of GroningenGlobal Responsibility & Leadership full-time Leeuwarden
Join the BSc. Global Responsibility & Leadership programme, the no. 1 bachelor's programme in the Netherlands (three times in a row) according to Keuzegids 2024! Explore local solutions to global chal
University of GroningenHealth and Human Rights full-time Groningen
This summer school addresses three main global health challenges: non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mental health and climate change.
University of GroningenHealth and Technology Law full-time Groningen
Our specialized Health and Technology Law LLM programme gives students the opportunity to obtain a profound knowledge of health law, technology, as well as the interface between both regimes.
University of GroningenHeritage and Religion full-time Groningen
How and why do we creatively make use of the past to forge new identities in the present? What is at stake in the "musealization" of religion?
University of GroningenHistory full-time Groningen
What should be done with statues related to Europe's colonial past? How can historians help tackle problems within organizations? How do societies historically cope with crises, such as flooding or wa
University of GroningenHistory full-time Groningen
Are you a talented student of History? Is a career in research something you aspire to? Then this programme is exactly what you are looking for.
University of GroningenHistory full-time Groningen
Have you ever thought about what connects the past with the present? And would you like to learn more about the background to various historic events? If so, this is your programme!
University of GroningenHistory and Heritage Consultancy full-time 
How does Ukraine protect its monuments in the current war? Which policies should Dutch authorities develop concerning art stolen during the Second World War? What should done with disputed statues rel
University of GroningenHistory of Architecture and Town planning full-time Groningen
The Master's track History of Architecture and Town Planning explores the evolution of cities, villages, and landscape design in Europe within the continuously changing global environment.
University of GroningenHuman Geography and Planning full-time Groningen
Do you want to know where to build what types of houses to solve the housing crisis? Do you wonder why climate change has different consequences in different regions?
University of GroningenHuman Movement Sciences full-time Groningen
How does the nervous system control voluntary movement? What are the benefits of exercise? And are these things the same for all people? Find out in this programme.
University of GroningenHuman Resource Management full-time Groningen
Study human resource management in Groningen and gain knowledge and skills in topics like leadership and consulting, HR analytics, strategic HRM, team management and employee well-being.
University of GroningenIndustrial Engineering and Management full-time Groningen
IEM is a real engineers' degree, in which you learn to translate new industrial techniques into practical solutions, such as a more sustainable production process or new products.
University of GroningenIndustrial Engineering and Management full-time Groningen
How can you design a complex and sustainable consumer product or bring novel renewable energy technologies and processes to market? How can you minimize production costs without compromising on qualit
University of GroningenInformation Science full-time Groningen
Are you fascinated by artificial intelligence and language technology? In this study you learn how to develop and assess smart applications such as conversational agents, automatic translation systems
University of GroningenInformation Science full-time Groningen
How do you build an efficient search engine? How can you improve Google Translate? How can you use machine learning to make a chatbot? And how do people use emoticons and hashtags on social media?
University of GroningenInnovation in Medicine full-time Groningen
IPIM aims to teach students about private sector priorities and the societal impact of their research, in order to help them to become fully equipped translational researchers.
University of GroningenInnovative Medicine full-time Groningen
Do you have the ambition to become a leading translational biomedical innovator? Are you interested in becoming an entrepreneur and learning how to bring your research from idea to market? If so, the
University of GroningenIntercultural Competence full-time Groningen
Intercultural competence is crucial today. It means recognizing cultural differences, understanding how they influence interaction and maximizing that knowledge in order to minimize misunderstanding.
University of GroningenIntercultural Competence Learning Lab (ICLL)  
The ICLL is an environment where we can learn from each other how intercultural competence develops, under the guidance of an intercultural trainer/facilitator.
University of GroningenInternational and European Law full-time Groningen
All states have laws and their own legal system, and in most countries you can only study national law at the university level.
University of GroningenInternational Business full-time Groningen
Study international business in Groningen to learn about international markets, cross-cultural management, and innovative business strategies, all essential in today's interconnected world.
University of GroningenInternational Business and Management full-time Groningen
Study international business and management in Groningen to learn about how companies operate in multiple countries and how a manager copes with different business cultures.
University of GroningenInternational Commercial Law full-time Groningen
Increasing globalization and regional integration creates the need for good knowledge of international commercial law.
University of GroningenInternational Financial Management full-time Groningen
Study international financial management in Groningen and get uniquely equipped to have a career in finance and be a part of the management team in multinational companies and financial institutions.
University of GroningenInternational Human Rights Law full-time Groningen
Can a church be attacked if a sniper hid in the tower during an armed conflict? Having the Polish nationality, being tortured in a Thai prison, what rights do you have? Can you invoke them and how?
University of GroningenInternational Humanitarian Action (120 EC) full-time Groningen
What are the dominant issues in humanitarian action? What is the so-called "aid industry"? And can professionalization prevent dependence on aid? Find out in this programme.
University of GroningenInternational Political Economy full-time Groningen
The world has become smaller. Markets operate in Spartan competition and states and societies face the endeavour to cope with on-going globalization. IPE addresses these marvels.
University of GroningenInternational Relations full-time Groningen
Are you a talented student and interested in modern history and international relations? Is a career in research something you aspire to? Then this degree programme is exactly what you are looking for
University of GroningenInternational Relations (120 EC) full-time Groningen
What are the dominant issues in humanitarian action? What is the so-called "aid industry"? And can professionalization prevent dependence on aid? Find out in this programme.
University of GroningenInternational Relations (60 EC) full-time Groningen
Are you fascinated by international relations? Do you want to become a specialist in this field? Then this Master's degree is what you are looking for.
University of GroningenInternational Relations and International Organization full-time Groningen
Can the EU survive the rise of euroscepticism and populism? Why has international cooperation on global environmental issues proven to be difficult? How can we address other issues in an increasingly
University of GroningenInternational Relations and International Organization full-time Groningen
One world, 7 billion people, 193 sovereign states, over 6,000 (Non-)Governmental Organizations, 1,000s of multinationals, all tied up in complex processes of dis/integration, cooperation and conflict.
University of GroningenInternational Security full-time Groningen
How do actors relate to each other and their natural environment in terms of threats and vulnerabilities? When and how is violence organized? How can possible conflicts be prevented or solved?
University of GroningenIslands and Sustainability (EM) full-time Groningen
Islands and Sustainability is an Erasmus Mundus master programme. It combines thorough training in scientific research with a specialization on Islands and Sustainability. Scholarships are available.
University of GroningenJapanese  
The Japanese language courses of the University of Groningen Language Centre will introduce students to the Japanese language or build on knowledge and skills already present.
University of GroningenJournalism (Dutch taught) full-time Groningen
Een gezonde samenleving heeft goede journalistiek nodig. Hoe en waarom is de journalistiek zo aan het veranderen? Hoe maak je zelf onafhankelijke, betrouwbare en boeiende journalistieke verhalen?
University of GroningenJournalism (English taught) full-time Groningen
Are you passionate about news and do you want to report and analyze current affairs? Do you want to know why journalism is transforming so quickly nowadays?
University of GroningenLanguage and Cognition full-time Groningen
How is language stored in the brain? How do we acquire a foreign language? How can we explain patterns of language use in terms of underlying structures, and also the role of language in society?
University of GroningenLanguage and Communication Technologies (Double Degree Programme) full-time Groningen
How do we cope with the information overload of modern media? What is the best way to collect data in a multilingual environment? Find out in this international Double Degree track.
University of GroningenLanguage and culture Education - Frisian language and culture full-timepart-time Groningen
Do you love the Frisian language and culture and would you like to teach? In this programme you strengthen your knowledge and learn to convey it to secondary school students.
University of GroningenLaw Research Master full-time Groningen
The Research Master's Programme is specifically designed for passionate researchers who aspire to pursue an academic career or explore research opportunities outside academia.
University of GroningenLearning in Interaction full-time Groningen
How do students learn in schools? What role do individual differences play in learning? How can you improve learning environments to optimally help students learn and develop?
University of GroningenLiberal Arts and Sciences full-time Groningen
University of GroningenLife Science and Technology full-time Groningen
Do you want to use a microscope to study cells, but also understand how the microscope itself works? Do you want to design and synthesize molecules that can target specific molecules, cells or organs?
University of GroningenLinguistics full-time Groningen
Language is a central topic in cognitive science, computer science and the study of human behaviour. The research tracks of Linguistics study these fields in depth.
University of GroningenLinguistics full-time Groningen
Is it possible to develop a grammar that is applicable to all languages? How is language stored in our brain? This Bachelor's programme focuses on the human ability to learn and use language
University of GroningenLinguistics full-time Groningen
This Master's programme focuses on the human language ability. You will study language acquisition, the structure of language and its characteristics, translations, or language disorders.
University of GroningenLiterary Studies full-time Groningen
Are you interested in the study of literature? Investigate our tracks to see the courses we offer.
University of GroningenManagement Accounting and Control full-time Groningen
Study management accounting and control in Groningen and become a finance and business expert who can help organizations formulate and implement their vision and strategy.
University of GroningenMarine Biology full-time Groningen
How does climate change affect whales and seals? How does overfishing influence marine food webs? How do we restore and protect the Wadden Sea?
University of GroningenMarketing full-time Groningen
Study marketing in Groningen and use the opportunity to specialize in marketing and customer management or marketing analytics and data science.
University of GroningenMathematics full-time Groningen
Can you predict an economic crisis? How many prime numbers are there in a certain interval? How do we calculate the limit of an infinite series of function values?
University of GroningenMathematics full-time Groningen
How does a bank check whether your digital signature is a valid one? Do planets move in stable orbits or will they eventually collide? How can a 3D-sphere within the 3D-figures be characterized?
University of GroningenMechanical Engineering full-time Groningen
Digital technology, Artificial Intelligence and data science are integral and essential parts of the 21st century mechanical engineering discipline. 21st century mechanical engineers must be versed in
University of GroningenMedia Creation and Innovation full-time 
Want to understand how new media technologies are used to create innovative formats and ways of storytelling, and how media innovation and start-up culture are rooted in creative processes?
University of GroningenMedia Studies full-time Groningen
Do you want to learn more about digital and social media, media use or journalism? Choose one of the five tracks of the MA Mediastudies. All tracks have a duration of a year and a half (90 ECTS).
University of GroningenMedia Studies full-time Groningen
Media are at the heart of contemporary life. From social media to print, from websites to television, from search engines to apps: our understanding of the world is shaped by media.
University of GroningenMedical Pharmaceutical Sciences full-time Groningen
The Medical Pharmaceutical Sciences (MPS) Master trains you for a career in the design and use of modern medicines. It ranges from basic- to clinical research and prepares you for a career in academia
University of GroningenMedical Sciences Summer School Global Health full-time Groningen
The 14th Summer School on Global Health will be organized this summer in collaboration with IFMSA-Groningen!
University of GroningenMedicine full-time Groningen
Would you like to help patients and treat diseases?
University of GroningenMedicine full-time Groningen
Would you like to work in the world of medicine, either as a physician, a surgeon or a researcher? This programme provides you with the knowledge and skills to start a medical career.
University of GroningenMethodology in the History of Philosophy  Groningen
Participants will be encouraged to reflect upon their own practices, develop a more thought-through method to approach texts, and learn about new approaches to studying the history of philosophy.
University of GroningenMiddle Eastern Studies full-time Groningen
Wars in Syria, Iraq and Yemen, revolts in Egypt, Lebanon and Tunisia, power struggles in Turkey, Saudi-Arabia and Israel – conflicts in the Middle East are daily news.
University of GroningenMiddle Eastern Studies full-time Groningen
Conflicts and coexistences, authoritarianism, revolutions: the Middle East is an extremely dynamic and fascinating region that is more topical and relevant than ever, but often subjected to stereotype
University of GroningenMigration, Integration, and Social Networks full-time Groningen
The nexus between international migration and social networks is crucial in understanding different phases of migration experience.
University of GroningenMinorities & Multilingualism full-time Groningen
Please note that this programme will officially no longer be offered as of the 2025-2026 academic year, see below for more information. How is #blacklivesmatter a movement to empower (racialized) min
University of GroningenModern History and International Relations full-time Groningen
Are you a talented student and interested in modern history and international relations? Is a career in research something you aspire to? Then this track is exactly what you are looking for.
University of GroningenMolecular Medicine and Innovative Treatment full-time Groningen
How are new and innovative drugs and therapies developed? How can research help us find ways to prevent, treat and manage diseases? Can we harness the power of the immune system for disease treatment?
University of GroningenMSc Marketing - Marketing Analytics and Data Science full-time Groningen
Study marketing analytics and data science in Groningen and be trained thoroughly on methods to process and analyze big datasets to track marketing performance and generate customer insights.
University of GroningenMSc Marketing - Marketing Management full-time Groningen
Study marketing management in Groningen and learn how to build strong brands that contribute to consumer well-being, and use digital analytics to continuously improve marketing strategies.
University of GroningenMultilingualism full-time Leeuwarden
Do you know more languages than the one you are reading now? Chances are, you are bilingual or multilingual. We live in a world where multilingualism is the norm and monolingualism the exception.
University of GroningenMusic, Theatre and Performance Studies full-time Groningen
This Master's programme offers two specializations: one in Popular Music, Sound and Media Cultures and another in Theatre, Culture and Media studies. Each specialization encompasses both emergent and
University of GroningenNanoscience full-time Groningen
How can cheaper and more efficient batteries and solar cells be fabricated? Is it possible to make a computer that works like the human brain? Can we control the quantum properties on the nanoscale fo
University of GroningenNarrative Values - The Values of Narratives full-time Groningen
This unique winter school is devoted to storytelling and the study of narrative.
University of GroningenNCD's and the Law full-time Groningen
A human rights response to the global health crisis
University of GroningenNorth American Studies full-time Groningen
Interdisciplinary in Approach. Dynamic in Teaching. Relevant in Practice. American Studies at The University of Groningen.
University of GroningenOld Frisian and its Neighbours  Leeuwarden
The central theme of this summer school concerns medieval language shifts along the North Sea coast: Old Frisian, Old/Middle Dutch and Old Saxon/Middle Low German.
University of GroningenPharmacy full-time Groningen
Many diseases can be treated effectively with medicines. Our BSc programme is the first step towards becoming an all-round pharmaceutical expert and a career in the pharmacy or drug research lab.
University of GroningenPhilosophy full-time Groningen
What is consciousness? What is the relation between truth and democracy? If our world is mechanistic, how could chances ever exist? When are differences in wealth unjust?
University of GroningenPhilosophy full-time Groningen
Our Research Master Philosophy offers you the opportunity to work with leading scholars in the history of philosophy, practical philosophy and theoretical philosophy.
University of GroningenPhilosophy of a specific discipline full-time Groningen
What makes natural science 'scientific'? What is a just law? What can science tell us about free will and ethical responsibilities? In this degree, you'll explore the philosophical aspects of science.
University of GroningenPhilosophy, Politics and Economics full-time Groningen
Does globalization undermine social solidarity? Does populism threaten our democracies? How do we encourage corporate social responsibility? And how can we rise to the challenge of climate change?
University of GroningenPhilosophy, Science and Humanities full-time Groningen
Every field of study raises a number of philosophical questions: about its foundations and methodology, its ethical and political implications, its connection with other disciplines, and its history.
University of GroningenPhysics full-time Groningen
How does nature work? How can we use its concepts? By making models and formulating natural laws, we can describe and predict the natural world.
University of GroningenPhysics full-time Groningen
Do you want to explore what nature is made of at the fundamental level? What are the elementary particles and fundamental forces that govern the Universe? Or the role of dark energy and dark matter in
University of GroningenPolitics, Organizations and Learning Histories full-time Groningen
How can historians help tackle problems within organizations? How can historical knowledge and skills detect blind spots in organizations and thereby improve their effectiveness and social impact?
University of GroningenPopulation Studies full-time Groningen
Are you interested in studying contemporary population issues like ageing, migration and global population growth? In the master programme Population Studies students learn the theories, methods and s
University of GroningenPsychology full-time Groningen
Are you ready for the many challenges of studying behaviour, awareness and the brain? Then this study will suit you, for psychology pervades all forms of human activity.
University of GroningenPsychology full-time Groningen
Psychology is the key to understanding and modifying human behaviour and development. Our master covers a very wide range of areas, offers 10 tracks and a lot of room for your individual preferences.
University of GroningenPsychology (EN) full-time Groningen
Are you ready for the many challenges of studying behaviour, awareness and the brain? Then this study will suit you, for psychology pervades all forms of human activity.
University of GroningenPublic International Law full-time Groningen
“Imagine all the people, Sharing all the world... You may say I'm a dreamer, But I'm not the only one…” (John Lennon). International law is not a dream nor for dreamers.
University of GroningenReal Estate Studies full-time Groningen
The University of Groningen's Master of Science in Real Estate Studies offers a unique one-year educational programme in real estate to prepare you to become a leader in the real estate industry.
University of GroningenReligion and Pluralism, Ancient & Modern full-time Groningen
What were the limits of tolerance and acceptance? Which roles did inclusion and exclusion play in the ancient world? How were notions of self and other shaped, and what were their mutual influences?
University of GroningenReligion, Conflict and Globalization full-time Groningen
How are religion, conflict and peace related? How does globalization affect local religious traditions? How do religious and secular actors interact in debates on migration and gender?
University of GroningenReligious Diversity in a Globalised World (EM) full-time Groningen
What is the influence of religion on global developments? How does globalisation affect local religious traditions? What are the limits of tolerance and acceptance of religious diversity?
University of GroningenReligious Studies full-time Groningen
How do religions come into existence? How do they affect people and societies? What role does religion play in various cultures and conflicts?
University of GroningenResearch Master in Economics and Business full-time Groningen
The Economics and Business research master's in Groningen is a tailor-made programme for ambitious students who want to pursue a career in research.
University of GroningenScience Education and Communication full-timepart-time Groningen
How does the world of science connect with the worlds of education and society? How do teachers bridge science and education? How is science and its processes communicated in the media? What is the ro
University of GroningenSmall Business and Entrepreneurship full-time Groningen
Study small business and entrepreneurship in Groningen to kickstart your entrepreneurial career, by starting your own firm or contributing to the entrepreneurial spirit and success of another company.
University of GroningenSocial Media and Society full-time Groningen
Why do some posts go viral on social media and others do not? How can social media analysis be used in business and policy decisions? How do platforms like Facebook change how we live and do business?
University of GroningenSociety, Environment, Transport and Space (SETS) full-time Groningen
The aim of the summer course is to develop an understanding of the ways The Netherlands, considered by many as "The Gateway to Europe", deals with economic, environmental and settlement challenges.
University of GroningenSociety, Sustainability and Planning full-time Groningen
The master programme in Society, Sustainability and Planning centres around understanding the human factor in spatial interventions.
University of GroningenSpanish  
The Spanish language courses of the University of Groningen Language Centre focus mainly on speaking and understanding Spanish.
University of GroningenSpatial Planning and Design full-time Groningen
If you have a special interest in the living environment, and you aspire to combine analytical thinking with creative design, then Spatial Planning and Design is the field for you.
University of GroningenSpatial Sciences full-time Groningen
Are you interested in a career as a researcher of spatial subjects? This programme allows the study of Spatial Sciences in the broadest possible way and it trains students to become good researchers.
University of GroningenSport Sciences full-time Groningen
How can you identify the top athletes of the future? How do you optimize athletic performance and prevent injuries? What influence does physical activity have on a child's development?
University of GroningenStrategic Innovation Management full-time Groningen
Study strategic innovation management in Groningen and discover how you can help businesses develop and market innovations that are profitable and sustainable.
University of GroningenSummer School Healthy Ageing full-time Groningen
Health challenges related to ageing affect both individuals and society, yet many people stay healthy and well throughout their lifespan.
University of GroningenSummer School on Pediatrics full-time Groningen
In 2020 the 27th edition of the Summer School on Pediatrics will take place in Groningen!
University of GroningenSummer School Oncology full-time Groningen
The goal of the Summer Schools is to teach a multidisciplinary approach to oncology to medical students before they enter the clinic.
University of GroningenSupply Chain Management full-time Groningen
Study supply chain management in Groningen and learn to optimize supply chain processes, coordinate across vast networks of organizations, and prepare for a leading role in the sustainability transiti
University of GroningenSustainability Management and Controlling full-time Groningen
Choose the Sustainability Management and Controlling profile in Groningen to learn how to integrate sustainability factors into financial analyses and contribute to socially responsible business pract
University of GroningenSustainable Business and Economy for Smart Cities full-time Groningen
This summer school will focus on building capabilities and business strategies for Smart Cities.
University of GroningenSustainable Entrepreneurship full-time Leeuwarden
Join a new generation of entrepreneurs and policy advisors! Discover what makes sustainable enterprises emerge, thrive, and be successful.
University of GroningenSustainable Landscapes full-time Groningen
In the Northern part of the Netherlands and Germany, society has to cope with the presence of the sea.
University of GroningenSustainable Tourism & Society full-time Leeuwarden
Can tourism have a positive impact on communities and destinations? Find out while doing your Master's in Sustainable Tourism & Society at Campus Fryslân! This programme offers international, place-ba
University of GroningenSystems and Control full-time Groningen
Flying to the moon, monitoring and stabilizing the energy grid, using cruise control in a car, employing a crane to unload a container ship: these are typical examples of methods within Systems and Co
University of GroningenTalent Development and Creativity full-time Groningen
How can we develop the best athletes? How can teachers nurture pupils' talent and creativity in education and music? And how can we improve the selection of talented and creative employees, students,
University of GroningenTechnology and Operations Management full-time Groningen
Study technology and operations management in Groningen and learn to use big data, analytical tools, and real-life experience to shape a sustainable, human-centric, resilient business environment.
University of GroningenTechnology Law and Innovation full-time Groningen
Our LLM programme in Technology Law and Innovation explores the role of technology law as an enabler of innovation and reflects on examples where law hinders innovation.
University of GroningenThe International Summer School Ageing Brain full-time Groningen
Are you fascinated by neurology and translational neurosciences? And do you want to see what the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), the University of Groningen and the city of Groningen have
University of GroningenTheology & Religious Studies full-time Groningen
How are religion, conflict and peace related? What is at stake in the "musealization" of religion? What role does religion and spirituality play in our experience of health and wellbeing?
University of GroningenTheology & Religious Studies full-time Groningen
How are religion, conflict and peace related? What is at stake in the "musealization" of religion? What role does religion and spirituality play in our experience of sexual health and wellbeing?
University of GroningenTheoretical and Empirical Linguistics full-time Groningen
How is language constructed and which aspects can be distinguished and studied? How are these aspects realized in different language families and specific languages?
University of GroningenTheory and History of Psychology full-time Groningen
Theory and History of Psychology studies psychology as a science, a discipline, and a profession. It's the only programme of its kind in Europe.
University of GroningenTranplantation Medicine full-time Groningen
At the 2020 Transplantation Medicine Summer School, participants can expect to learn about the latest and greatest innovations in the field of transplantation medicine.
University of GroningenUn/sustainable Societies: Past, Present and Future full-time Groningen
Could climate change have impacted the fall of the Roman Empire? How do societies historically cope with crises, such as flooding or warfare? How can we understand wealth disparities from a historical
University of GroningenUnderstanding Biology with Python full-time Groningen
Programming skills in python or other computer language is not something that immediately comes to mind when we mention specialist in cell or medical biology, or other biological disciplines.
University of GroningenVoice Technology full-time Leeuwarden
This one-year master's in Voice Technology will give you the expertise you need to contribute to the cutting edge in voice synthesis and speech recognition.
University of GroningenWater Technology (joint degree) full-time Leeuwarden
Solving global water problems requires a multidisciplinary approach of knowledge and skills. That is why the Wetsus Institute and three Dutch universities offer a joint degree in Water Technology.
University of GroningenWork, Organizational and Personnel Psychology full-time Groningen
The world of work is rapidly changing and organizations constantly grapple with questions such as how to attract and retain skilled employees, design hybrid work arrangements, or promote human-Artific
University of GroningenWriting, Editing and Mediating full-time Groningen
What makes a text a good or captivating text? How do you recognize repetitions, inconsistencies, faulty logic and other problems in texts? What does it take to guide a text from writer to reader?
University of GroningenYouth 0-21 Society and Policy full-time Groningen
Our aim is to increase the quality of upbringing, care and education by improving policies and interventions for young people and their social and learning contexts.